Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State Essay Example for Free

Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State Essay This article argues that the first domestic institution in human history was not the family but the matrilineal clan. Engels here follows Lewis H. Morgans thesis as outlined in his major book, Ancient Society. Morgan was an American business lawyer who championed the land rights of Native Americans and became adopted as an honorary member of the Seneca Iroquois tribe. Traditionally, the Iroquois had lived in communal longhouses based on matrilineal descent and matrilocal residence, an arrangement giving women much solidarity and power. When nonhuman primate society and earliest human society, identifying sexual competition and the jealousy of the male as the vital issue that needed to be overcome to allow the emergence of the oldest form of family involving group marriage. Primitive communism was based in the matrilineal clan where women lived with their classificatory sisters – applying the principle that my sister’s child is my child. This kinship solidarity empowered women to take action against uncooperative males. Engels identified the world historic defeat of the female sex – the switch from what he called mother-right to father-right – with the onset of farming and pastoralism. This shift from matrilocality to patrilocality manifested itself in mens increased control in the home. Engels wrote: The man took command in the home also. The book begins with an extensive discussion of Ancient Society which describes the major stages of human development as commonly understood in Engels time. In contrast to other contemporary essays on the subject, Engels emphasizes the importance not of primitive psychological development but rather of social relations of power and control over material resources, sometimes related to the d evelopment of new technologies. Morgan, whose account of prehistory Engels largely accepts as given, focuses primarily on the first two stages  of Savagery and Barbarism but only ventures as far as the transition into Civilization. The terms Savagery and Barbarism as used by Morgan were meant to be objective and not terms of derision or disparagement as they might be assumed to be then or now. The Pairing Family, first indications of pairing are found in families where the husband has one primary wife. Inbreeding is practically eradicated by the prevention of a marriage between two family members who were even just remotely related, while relationships also start to approach monogamy. Property and economics begin to play a larger part in the family, as a pairing family had responsibility for the ownership of specific goods and property. Polygamy is still common amongst men, but no longer amongst women since their fidelity would ensure the child’s legitimacy. Women have a superior role in the family as keepers of the household and guardians of legitimacy. The pairing family is the form characteristic of the lower stages of barbarism. However, at this point, when the man died his inheritance was still given to his gens, rather than to his offspring. Engels refers to this economic advantage for men coupled with the womans lack of rights to lay claim to possessions for herself or her children (who became hers after a separation) as the overthrow of mother-right which was the world historical defeat of the female sex. For Engels, ownership of property created the first significant division between men and women in which the woman was inferior. It develops from the pairing family, as we have already shown, during the time of transition from the middle to the higher stage of barbarism. Its final victory is one of the signs of beginning civilization. It is founded on male supremacy for the pronounced purpose of breeding children of indisputable paternal lineage. The latter is required, because these children shall later on inherit the fortune of their father. The monogamous family is distinguished from the pairing family by the far greater durability of wedlock, which can no longer be dissolved at the pleasure of either party. As a rule, it is only the man who can still dissolve it and cast off his wife.

School Uniforms Are an Important Tool To Allow Students To Learn Withou

The before school arguments over what to wear, and the ridiculous pricing of fashionable brand clothing, have become a harsh reality to many parents and their children. Because children feel a deep need to fit in with their peers, they face the never ending contest of comparison and stereotypes. On the other hand, many students do not have families that can provide them with the newest, sought after clothing and struggle to do so even when getting clothes from thrift stores and hand me downs. At the same time, in some schools gang signs and gang related clothing can be an issue, as well as fights and violence. Studies have shown that school uniforms are a solution to these problems that affect student interaction and productiveness in school. Therefore, school uniforms allow students to learn without distractions and should be readily available to all. To begin with, school uniforms are an economical choice for all school districts. Often, school uniforms are seen as an inexpensive alternative and better option for families to provide school appropriate clothing. In addition, most parents prefer purchasing uniforms than having to buy the latest expensive retail fashions for their children (Walmsley). Also, utilizing school uniforms have proven to lower costs of clothing. For example, a paper presented by Michael Firmin, Suzanne Smith, and Lynsey Perry during the 16th Annual Ethnographic and Qualitative Research in Education Conference, shows that many parents of students think that school uniforms would lessen overall clothing expenses over time (Konheim-Kalkstein). In other words, this proves that apparel expenses will likely decrease greatly over time, saving families’ from an other expenditure. In conclusion, school uniforms he... .... Imagine a learning environment where violence is never a threat and all students feel equal and empowered to succeed. This is possible with the simple addition of school uniforms, which can change a struggling school from the inside out. Works Cited Konheim-Kalkstein, Yasmine L. "A Uniform Look." American School Board Journal Vol. 193, No. 8. Aug. 2006: 24-27. SIRS Issues Researcher. Web. 25 Oct 2012. Viadero, Debra. "Uniform Effects?." Education Week Vol. 24, No. 18. Jan. 12 2005: 27-29. SIRS Issues Researcher. Web. 25 Oct 2012. Walmsley, Angela. "What the United Kingdom Can Teach the United States About School..." Phi Delta Kappan. Mar 2011: 63-66. SIRS Issues Researcher. Web. 25 Oct 2012. Wilder , Larry, and Scott Key. "Pros and Cons of School Dress Code." Fresno Pacific University. Fresno Pacific University School of Education. , 11 2007. Web. 29 Oct 2012.

Social Media’s Negative Effect on Academic Performance

Social Media's Negative Effect on Academic Performance Researchers with the Miriam Hospital's Centers for Behavioral and Preventive Medicine say social media has a negative impact on academic performance of freshmen students, the Science Daily reported. Researchers show a link between social media and academic performance among the freshmen in a study, which is the first of its kind. The study looked at students engaged in any form of media use including texting, music, the Internet and social networking.The study shows an average freshmen woman spends 12 hours every day engaged in any form of media use. The impact of such indulgence results in poor academic performance. Researchers, however, excluded listening to music and reading newspapers as it boosts academic performance unlike other forms of media. â€Å"Most research on media use and academics has focused on adolescents, rather than new college students, or has only examined a few forms of media.So we were curious about the i mpact of a wider range of media, including activities like social networking and texting that have only become popular in recent years,† said lead author Jennifer L. Walsh, PhD, of The Miriam Hospital's Centers for Behavioral and Preventive Medicine. â€Å"We also wanted to know how media use related to later school performance, since there aren't many longitudinal studies looking at media use and academics. † For the study, Walsh and her colleagues interviewed 483 freshmen women during from a northeast university.Researchers noted 11 different forms of media use that had an impact on academics, which included television, movies, music, surfing the Internet, social networking, talking on a cell phone, texting, magazines, newspapers, non-school-related books and video games. Students were asked to report an average time spent on any forms of media throughout the previous week. Students were also asked to report their grades in the academics for the fall and spring semest ers and their intellectual confidence, behavior and troubles, the report said.As a result, researchers listed that cell phones, social networking, television and magazines had severe impact on students' academic results for their fall semesters. Walsh further noted that students who spent more time engaging in these forms of media, had â€Å"fewer academic behaviors, such as completing homework and attending class, lower academic confidence and more problems affecting their school work, like lack of sleep and substance use. † Researchers noted that the major use of social media among the students was found to be more on campus than off.Walsh suggested that professors could use social media as a means of communicating with their students in reminding of their assignments and referring them to helpful resources that could fetch them higher grades in academics. Also limiting media use within the college campus, especially in classrooms could go a long way, researchers said. The findings were reported online by the journal  Emerging Adulthood. Copyright @ Headlines & Global News. http://www. hngn. com/articles/1929/20130415/social-medias-negative-effect-academic-performance. htm

The Connection Between The Bondage Of Mind And Of...

The connection between the ‘bondage of mind’ and the ‘bondage of the body’ as found in the southern ideology justifying slavery; The notion of slavery seems foreign to the majority of people today, but for our ancestors and Frederick Douglass it was a very real part of life. The concept of slavery is one that people today find unfathomable, particularly in the justification of slavery and why people owned slaves. The institution of slavery is as old as civilization itself existing in various forms throughout the world, history and remarkably, continues to exist in some people’s lives today. The historical common denominator is that enslavement of another human being has been more often than not involuntary. Sometimes people sold themselves into slavery as a means of survival as is seen with English indentured servants coming from England to the â€Å"New world† in the early 1500’s. These indentured servants would enter a contract with th eir master and after a period of time would fulfill their obligation and then be released to continue and pursue their lives. However, most forms of slavery were not voluntary and these people would be forced into enslavement via becoming prisoners of war, punishment for illegal or criminal conduct, failure to pay debts, sold by parents or chieftains, birthed by a slave, or transferred from one master to another through sale or inheritance. The first African slaves in North America arrived in the British colony of Virginia, from here theShow MoreRelatedDesire In The Symposium1508 Words   |  7 Pagesthat addresses desire as a multifaceted concept, setting the tone for the novel. The Bhagavad-Gita, an ancient Indian text that is much revered in modern Hindu culture, considers the same concepts of desire and virtue, but is written as a dialogue between the warrior-prince Arjuna and his charioteer, the deity Krishna. 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